Appendicitis: Inflammation of the Appendix

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Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, a small, finger-like pouch attached to the large intestine. It is a medical emergency that typically requires prompt surgical intervention to prevent life-threatening complications.

Signs & Symptoms

  • Early Symptoms: Dull pain around the navel that shifts to the lower right abdomen.
  • Progressive Symptoms:
    • Sharp, localized pain in the lower right abdomen.
    • Nausea and vomiting.
    • Loss of appetite.
    • Low-grade fever that may worsen as the condition progresses.
    • Constipation or diarrhea.
    • Swollen abdomen or difficulty passing gas.

Symptoms can vary slightly, especially in pregnant women, children, or older adults, leading to diagnostic challenges.

Anatomy Affected

The appendix, a 2-4 inch tube located at the junction of the small and large intestines in the lower right abdomen, is the primary site of this condition. If untreated, inflammation can lead to perforation, spilling infected material into the abdominal cavity and causing peritonitis.

Causes/Transmission

The exact role of the appendix is unclear, though it is believed to play a minor role in immune function. Appendicitis typically occurs when the appendix becomes blocked, leading to infection. Common causes include:

  • Fecal Blockage: Hardened stool obstructing the appendix.
  • Foreign Bodies: Seeds or other material lodging in the appendix.
  • Infections: Bacterial or viral infections causing swelling.
  • Inflammatory Conditions: Diseases like Crohn's can increase susceptibility.

Treatments

  • Surgery:
    • Appendectomy: Surgical removal of the appendix, typically via laparoscopic (minimally invasive) or open surgery.
    • Laparoscopic surgery is preferred for faster recovery.
  • Antibiotics: In cases of mild appendicitis or as pre-surgical preparation.
  • Drainage of Abscess: If the appendix has ruptured and caused an abscess, it may need to be drained before surgery.

Prevention

  • No definitive way exists to prevent appendicitis.
  • A diet high in fiber from fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk by supporting regular bowel movements.

Prognosis

  • Outlook: With timely treatment, recovery is excellent. Surgery is straightforward, and most patients resume normal activities within a few weeks.
  • Complications: Delay in treatment can result in a ruptured appendix, leading to peritonitis or abscess formation, which significantly increases mortality risk.
  • Mortality Rate: Less than 1% for non-complicated cases, but higher if rupture and complications occur.

Appendicitis remains a common yet manageable condition with early diagnosis and intervention.

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